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F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1a503a50-109a-4dbc-82b3-a8aceb63b441/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+001.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Hello. My name is Elliott Orion Ruzicka, and I'm a registered architect operating out of New York City. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/bf924d2d-1c3f-47f1-bbe2-5e70d121d71f/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+002.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Shape matters. If there is anyone here that doesn't agree that this applies to space habitat design, it is my hope that by the end of this presentation they will think differently. It is also my hope that the results I will be presenting at the end will surprise and possibly even shock you. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/15805b47-404d-46c0-969b-6eafa317294c/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+003.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The concept of polyhedral space habitat modules has been explored in prior research by Frisina, de Weck, Howe?, and Ekblaw. While these studies present arguments supporting certain candidate polyhedra based on desirable qualities, little in the way of rigorous evaluation has been dedicated to determining the most ideal polyhedron among many candidates by way of employing many consequential evaluation metrics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/bb59be01-d5fa-470b-8150-7cd3499b72c1/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+004.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The aim of this study was to determine as close to objectively as possible which polyhedral form is the most suitable to the application of space habitat modules. Although this study was not absolutely exhaustive, it stands as the most comprehensive evaluation of its kind at the time of publication. Furthermore, it presents a novel conclusion that has not been considered by other researchers. This is an important question to answer sooner rather than later, as work to create polyhedral space habitat modules is currently ongoing, and due to first-mover advantage the first shape used is likely to set a standard early on, and any disadvantages will be perpetuated. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/800a3c0a-09be-4892-a044-65e7b9fccf68/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+005.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 In this presentation, I will be covering which candidate polyhedra were selected, which metrics were used to evaluate the candidate polyhedra, what analysis methodology was used to process the raw metric values, and finally I will be presenting the results. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/d4433bf7-f5b0-4353-b207-f2798e8a5fb3/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+006.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 This is the abbreviated version of the candidate polyhedra selection criteria. I'd be happy to discuss these at a later time. All said, (10) polyhedra were selected. The final candidates are as follows. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/5c5a9027-4235-4565-808d-8487508d08e7/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+007.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Tetrahedron, composed of (4) regular triangles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/3d05ed66-8a24-4b22-bca2-86f0ce5b4ee4/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+008.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Cube, composed of (6) squares. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/ebe85d38-7f1c-459e-8742-55608dc8e675/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+009.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Octahedron, composed of (8) regular triangles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/fc4ba244-b9c7-4351-8675-b5675b993cb5/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+010.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Dodecahedron, composed of (12) regular pentagons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/23223699-6c1b-4ae4-9b88-ae5d08d345d1/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+011.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Icosahedron, composed of (20) regular triangles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/dcdbf5da-7d46-43d5-b37a-428237650a7f/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+012.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Rhombic Dodecahedron, composed of (12) rhombi. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6187c55b-7ef7-4d60-93d0-66aa7a0f780b/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+013.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Triangular Prism, composed of (2) regular triangles and (3) rectangles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6701a567-ad21-4a13-b2a1-13049bb88d62/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+014.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Hexagonal Prism, composed of (2) regular hexagons and (6) rectangles. It's worth noting here that the proportions of these prisms were set to those that maximized Volume to Surface Area Ratio. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6805be61-3947-4742-a98d-55e5307c50e7/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+015.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 The Truncated Octahedron, composed of (8) regular hexagons and (6) squares. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/67d13f53-53b6-4930-ad01-27193e19123e/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+016.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 And finally the Truncated Icosahedron, composed of (20) regular hexagons and (12) regular pentagons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/a67555a5-5978-41c2-86b8-6323d1685327/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+017.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 So I've spoken about the selection of the candidate polyhedra, and now I'll explain the evaluation metrics. (14) were selected in total and I'll go through each of them now. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/22695711-9f32-45de-ae54-ebbfbcbd7c37/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+018.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Number of Faces. Fewer faces means less complication in assembly and operation as well as fewer redundant systems. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/66bdd9bc-bc65-48a7-95b2-b3983c4adff4/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+019.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Number of Face Types. Fewer face types (ideally a single face type) means less engineering, fabrication, and qualification testing costs, as well as simpler deployment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6b33fb6a-0339-4467-955e-1e58cb3364cb/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+020.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Number of Edges. Fewer edges simplifies the exchange of utilities as well as reduces the number of gaskets to vacuum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/25858c3c-01d6-4ef9-969e-80e85f2de08e/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+021.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Volume to Surface Area Ratio. The greater the ratio, the more volume can be utilized per mass unit. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/82c0e045-f4c0-409a-aa50-fc9084ddc4fe/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+022.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Deployed Volume Larger than Stowage Volume. Provided that the module faces are flat-packed, the deployed volume should be greater than the cylindrical volume required for stowage. Otherwise the benefit of on-orbit assembly is negated. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/613f71d1-0aac-44f7-a670-4f5774fa7422/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+023.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Face Apothem Similarity. Modular face panels will have many integrated systems. For polyhedra with more than one face type, it is advantageous for the sizes of the panels to be as similar as possible so as to efficiently utilize the area of each panel. The face apothem is a convenient shorthand for face size. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/28130f67-145b-4be2-a247-716cd5bfcb56/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+024.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Face Tension. An internally pressurized surface will resolve the outward force through face tension. A lower face tension is advantageous as it means greater mass efficiency. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/8c8d20d1-367c-4ffd-bec1-d2f25fa00d7a/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+025.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Joint Stress. Joints are a weak point in a polyhedral structure, but sustain the most stress in a pined face connection as the stress is the vector product of pressure reaction and the face tension. For the same reason as previously mentioned, a lower joint stress is advantageous. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/a89c4cce-f01f-4066-b2b9-0f8455df6c47/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+026.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Simulated Stress. Each polyhedron was modeled in Fusion 360 as hollow solids, they were internally pressurized, and the max stress was recorded. Again, the lower the stress, the better. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/b5e6e7eb-e4ed-4c27-87fa-23c39b0b8ce8/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+027.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Space-Filling. I consider this one of the most important metrics. Space filling shapes allow for the following benefits: - the complete utilization of three-dimensional space - the reduction of exposure to radiation - more connection possibilities and flexibility - looping pathways instead of dead-end corridors - structural rigidity - the ability to contiguously enclose a volume of space https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4214cfb3-59b4-4c2e-9076-3e5ec2e9be3a/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+028.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Number of Face-Connected Modules. It's advantageous to have a greater number of modules that can be connected to any given module. This increases the efficiency of both circulation and operations. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/f1397bf3-4258-4003-8932-c7e32b458d2a/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+029.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Lattice-Forming. Similar to Space-Filling, a lattice allows for looping pathways, better wayfinding, and structural rigidity. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/07f3af39-faf7-4dde-9bc5-659072bd6503/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+030.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Unfolding Deployability. This is the ability for flat-packed panels to unfold along their edges until fully deployed. This capability maintains the connection of panels during assembly and eliminates the necessity for guidance systems to be integrated into each panel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/f3f4c5db-0719-4858-bb16-49e466a2390b/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+031.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 And finally, Fit in Rocket Fairing. We can't necessarily rely on launch systems that are not currently operational. It's important that large modules are able to fit into currently operational launch vehicles. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/eadf36e4-5dd7-461b-8a8c-6d9a09d35217/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+032.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 So I've gone over the selection of candidate polyhedra and the evaluation metrics. Now I'll explain the analysis methodology. The goal of the analysis is to take the raw values from the evaluation metrics (Number of Faces for example) and arrive at a best-performer. However there are three obstacles in the way: - The raw values do not necessarily represent the performance of a given candidate compared to the others. - The units between the evaluation metrics can be completely different and even of different magnitudes, which would be like comparing grapes to watermelons. - Not all evaluation metrics are as important as every other, and some weighting likely needs to take place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9286ba18-460f-4f41-a361-23f0b0e3d030/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+033.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 This graphic shows how the raw values were processed for each metric using a single metric as an example. In figure (a), we see the raw values for each of the candidates side-by-side. We find the poorest-performer and set that as the baseline. The differences between the raw values and the baseline are the performance values, shown in figure (b). This solves the performance disconnect. We can then add up all the performance values, shown in figure (c). We then divide each performance value by the sum of the performance values, which results in normalized performance values that can be seen in figure (d), where the sum of all the normalized performance values is one. This solves the issue of dissimilar units. This leaves the weighting, but we'll get to that in a moment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/866c6685-cb64-4931-8520-6df01bfe483d/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+034.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 Using these normalized performance values, we can create a weighted analysis tool where we can input the normalized performance values for each evaluation metric, we can add weights to these evaluation metrics, and it will output a final score. But which weights should we choose? Without knowing how every weight would turn out, it's impossible to objectively determine how each candidate polyhedron stacks up against each other. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0c9986e4-d0c7-4bcc-b64c-46f88af64524/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+035.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 So I wrote a Python script to test all the combinations of importance levels up to (5) levels of importance; this took nearly (6) days to run. Some of you might ask, "why not (6) levels of importance?" And to that I say, an analysis of (6) levels would have taken about (70) days to run, so please forgive me. I was expecting a descending distribution wherein I could analyze under which circumstances different polyhedra would perform best, but that is not at all what came out of this analysis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/7cb87cbb-7943-4c16-b922-bde603ef9828/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+036.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 This table shows the candidate polyhedra along with their average ranking, the number of times the polyhedra were ranked first, and the percent of total combinations where the polyhedra were ranked first. If it's not immediately obvious, I'll call your attention to these figures here. In every single one of the 6.1 billion combinations of importance factor weights, the Rhombic Dodecahedron ranked first. This means that no matter which weights one might put on each of the evaluation metrics (at least to an importance level of 5), the Rhombic Dodecahedron will remain on top. The Truncated Icosahedron, the polyhedron with the largest Volume to Surface Area Ratio is ranked 6th. I conclude that the Rhombic Dodecahedron should be considered the default for any prospective polyhedral space habitat module design. Furthermore, I propose that the Truncated Icosahedron should be deprioritized from consideration for the same. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/b406608e-c24d-45c8-ba51-6d644496c147/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Ruzicka_Presentation_2023.09.21+Page+037.png Blog - F12 Update - Presentation at IAC 2023 With that, I'll say that I'm honored to have had the opportunity to speak here at the IAC and I look forward to meeting with you all and sharing ideas over the course of this week. https://www.orbital.design/blog/longtermism-and-populationethics-the-case-for-space-habitation monthly 0.5 2023-06-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4fe3d764-15c9-41b2-8275-bf236e9ab7d1/Population+Ethics.png Blog - Longtermism and Population Ethics - The Case for Space Habitation - Make it stand out According to theories of population ethics, population A is better than population B, since population A is larger and they have the same level of happiness. https://www.orbital.design/blog/the-effect-of-transhumanism-on-space-habitat-design monthly 0.5 2022-03-15 https://www.orbital.design/blog/project-amoeba monthly 0.5 2021-10-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1633385676714-27H5ILGUSMHX6J56M5LJ/Cover+Rendering+1.png Blog - Project Amoeba - Project Amoeba Visit the Project Amoeba page to see a program of modules, more details, diagrams, and sketches. https://www.orbital.design/blog/project-helix-v2 monthly 0.5 2021-10-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1626835063804-U6JR42SS7TQTEXE0MZ2N/V2+Rendering_Final.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update - Project Helix Visit the Project Helix page for explanation, more details, diagrams, and sketches. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1619930927698-SKZ1U8QN5MEFJFDHCL4L/Green+Corridors.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1618205579553-YFGZHDEPYFC9H1QPIO7P/Equation+1.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1619930593782-X3PXLX3NJNTD42BKZE6T/Radiation+Attenuation.gif Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1619930732322-T50817WAGNKHDCWIU1VV/High+G.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1618795658580-17SV9U1LKVVXS4O74R3K/Leak.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1619931217113-KJWSH3OV72GF3QLVJH43/Corridor+Fire.png Blog - Project Helix - v.2 Update https://www.orbital.design/blog/simulating-different-gravity-on-a-planetary-body monthly 0.5 2021-06-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045727711-14XMN4EP1BXEKR892R0Q/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_2.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045747441-YIM99N2CDAFB568RXQ9E/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_4.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045789127-M9QDK5F6HND3JC8CEPVJ/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_5.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body - Make it stand out Altitudes required to simulate the surface gravity of Mars (red), and the Moon (yellow), as well as the altitude of the International Space Station for comparison. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045810020-RWTDOZTZFYAU4HGUFK07/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_3.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045828225-QQVPKC3NK4M8TL1HAAWP/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_1.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1623045853113-EEMFCB9UFUV1E7FZADCL/Simulating+Different+Gravity+On+A+Planetary+Body_6.png Blog - Simulating Different Gravity on a Planetary Body - Make it stand out Example of an inverted gravitron circumscribing a planetary body at the 15 degree latitude https://www.orbital.design/blog/project-helix monthly 0.5 2021-04-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1617162909051-I7MV3DGBWQDVMINEUJU3/Project+Helix.png Blog - Project Helix - Project Helix Visit the Project Helix page for explanation, more details, diagrams, and sketches. https://www.orbital.design/blog/the-decoupled-orbital monthly 0.5 2021-06-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608426506992-ADS721VEKMVJZVZH552Z/Decoupled+Orbital_1.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608427709668-UNAAYDVJU0T8AK7COJOK/Equation_1.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608427834650-WXB5IP6IW6BPAOQ4YAPR/Equation_2.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608426888377-KWVTBEJBD5J4ISTOAC1F/Decoupled+Orbital_2.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608427910696-7HI6INLA67NPIZX3IER9/Equation_3.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608427957714-WJKF3A2I4RPJD5UHCP1K/Equation_4.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608437773901-ZL55JDWO5UF9VGCELISL/Decoupled+Orbital_3.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1608428001498-YF826WPP7KWO9XE32JDF/Equation_5.png Blog - The Decoupled Orbital - Arbitrarily Large Rotating Habitats https://www.orbital.design/blog/the-orbital-convention monthly 0.5 2021-06-07 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607230017649-JV0ZB2HVC09KZ4O4VSIN/image-asset.png Blog - The Orbital Convention - Design and Documentation Conventions for Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607230151501-0Z9P9QVAUSGG3W421M03/Drawing+Conventions_Sections.png Blog - The Orbital Convention - Design and Documentation Conventions for Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607230187887-X7KJXESKZDOWYF3IB3V1/image-asset.png Blog - The Orbital Convention - Design and Documentation Conventions for Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607221723166-LNL30YZPA991ARCGVR7G/Drawing+Conventions_Orbital+Diagram.png Blog - The Orbital Convention - Design and Documentation Conventions for Rotating Habitats https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607230849916-5FYDZAT11SJFS1GBCF15/Drawing+Conventions_Radial+Plan.png Blog - The Orbital Convention - Design and Documentation Conventions for Rotating Habitats Radial Plan https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607230947045-5LHDRSKPTTZVKVYKGA2I/Drawing+Conventions_Tangential+Section.png Blog - 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Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1602485782679-YQB1OW3MQUDYLG683YLC/Rotational+Gravity_Height.png Blog - Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration - Height Changes Acceleration Since gravity is a relatively weak force compared to the other fundamental forces, the radius at which it induces standard gravity using ordinary solid mass is necessarily large (the radius of the Earth for example) compared to the size of individuals. By contrast, rotating habitats can induce the same acceleration (A) with a much smaller radius (r) by spinning at the required velocity (V) for that radius. This radius can be small enough that the radius is not too much larger than the occupants. When this happens there is a perceptible acceleration gradient on the individuals. For a rotating shell that has a radius of 100 meters, a 1% difference in simulated gravity (9.7 vs 9.8) will be perceived at 1 meter from the surface of the shell. 1% at 1 meter may not seem like a lot, but consider that this effect increases with any change of height in the structure. If there are 2 or 3 levels, then this effect is increased when individuals travel in an elevator or ascend a flight of stairs. A 3-level shell in this scenario has the potential to create a ±4% difference in the simulation of gravity depending of which level one is on. This acceleration gradient can be quite disorienting, especially when standing up or sitting down. This is the phenomenon that has lead researchers to recommend habitats rotate at 2 RPM at the most for simulating 1 g. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1602485893924-9VCBGQRQ5AJHSOEF4H9D/Rotational+Gravity_Movement.png Blog - Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration - Movement Changes Acceleration The centripetal force on an object is determined by rotation rate and radius only for static objects relative to a point on the circumference. If an object is traveling along the circumference, then the centripetal force will change as the effective rotational velocity has has either increased or decreased (depending on if the body is travelling spinward or anti-spinward). If the body is moving in the spinward direction the centripetal force will increase (Vo=V1+V2), while if the body is moving in the anti-spinward direction the centripetal force will decrease (Vo=V1-V2). In fact, if a body moves in the anti-spinward direction at the same speed as the shell is rotating, then there will be no centripetal force on the body and it will experience weightlessness (Vo=V1-V1 => Vo=0). In very large structures, this is not normally an issue for inhabitants, but this effect becomes more important for smaller rotating shells. For rotating shells simulating standard gravity, the typical running speed for physically active humans in a 100 meter radius shell can change the effective simulated gravity they experience by ±38% and in a 300 meter radius shell the effect is still ±21%. In fact, the effect does not drop to ±1% until the shell exceeds 124 kilometers in radius. Most solutions for offering different levels of gravity simulation assume that offering different levels of simulated gravity must be accomplished by way of building shells at different radii, but the same effect can be accomplished by a compartment that moves at a different speed along the circumference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1602485993768-2Z8JEB8NC9R55SKX7AE2/image-asset.png Blog - Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration - Floating and Flying Since rotational acceleration only acts on objects in contact with the rotating shell (as opposed to at a distance as is the case with gravity), objects can "hover" over the interior surface of a rotating shell as long as the object is not moving with respect to the axis. To observers on the rotating surface of the shell, the aforementioned object will appear to be flying through the air at the same speed at which the shell is rotating. If the rotating habitat is an air-filled drum, the center of the drum is an area where individuals can float and or fly around under their own power. The further from the center these individuals travel, the greater force the slowly rotating air will exert on them. If not corrected, any object in the center of the drum will eventually be moved enough that it gets blown into the surface of the shell, which will most-likely result in the object colliding with another object travelling at the speed of rotation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1602483706392-PWSY0XK5C17TV75FKTI7/Rotational+Gravity.png Blog - Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration - Rotating Away When in a rotating shell, the "floor" is constantly reorienting the individual. If the individual were to jump (thus breaking the connection), the shell would effectively bend out from underneath them slightly in the spinward direction before they connected with the floor again. This effect is greater when either the jump is higher or when the shell radius is smaller. When the effect is great enough, individuals may find that even though they may have jumped straight "up", they fall "down" on their face or back. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1607533722603-KD84ECPVUJ6SOSPRIMT1/Rotational+Gravity_Escape%28revised%29.png Blog - Simulating Gravity with Rotational Acceleration - Escape It's likely no surprise to the reader that Earth is a gravity well. There is a high energy cost to escaping this gravity well. This is evident when reviewing the amount of fuel as a percentage of total mass for current space vehicles/propellants, which can be anywhere from 83%-96%*. This represents a great amount of energy. By contrast, a rotating space habitat has no gravity well. If escape is desired, a vehicle need only detach itself from the side or exterior of the habitat. Once released, the vehicle will travel with the velocity it had at time of release, which would be roughly 9.8 m/s in the "downward" direction (tracing the line that connects the axis to the point of release) assuming the structure is simulating Earth normal gravity*. In this way, the escape trajectory can be tailored by releasing the vehicle at a calculated moment. Additionally, if the vehicle is able to travel along the exterior of the circumference of the habitat, the escape velocity of the vehicle can be tuned to be lower or higher. https://www.orbital.design/blog/comparison-of-bulk-radiation-shielding-materials monthly 0.5 2020-10-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1601099529276-FU7VJZ7Y4998JFVWG0IM/Material+Comparisons.png Blog - Comparison of Bulk Radiation Shielding Materials https://www.orbital.design/blog/project-f12 monthly 0.5 2020-09-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1600318568609-CKKU1WNBZV51V8HX3PAH/F12_Spherical_1.jpg Blog - Project F12 - Project F12 Visit the Project F12 page for more details, renderings, sketches, and academic paper. https://www.orbital.design/blog/morphology-of-polyhedral-space-habitat-modules monthly 0.5 2020-12-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1600668420414-RXSFOJ4OHBE313CD0R5Q/Morphology+of+Polyhedral+Space+Habitat+Modules.png Blog - 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Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.orbital.design/papers daily 0.75 2024-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/adc472ad-763c-470a-8687-8c9a4d854d75/IAC-24.D4.IPB.17.x86336_Multi-Fan.png Papers - Make it stand out IAC-24-D4.IPB.17 [Download] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/c0151fda-da6f-40ee-9e39-c21f83a62d2d/IAC-24.C2.IP.36.x88537_Multi-Fan.png Papers - Make it stand out IAC-24—C2.IP.36 [Download] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0b2a76a8-56f0-4c3b-a0a4-2dce72eb02a9/AA_Morphology_Multi-Fan.png Papers - Make it stand out https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.05.011 [Download] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/bb1e999c-e272-47a2-b4db-43f8f2ddbadd/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Multi-Fan.png Papers - Make it stand out IAC-23-C2.1.3 [Download] https://www.orbital.design/projects daily 0.75 2026-02-16 https://www.orbital.design/projects/hyperion monthly 0.5 2025-06-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1748527560715-MJ5ZVHLO3KE189ASXBAS/Neo-Genesis+Seed_Square_Reduced.jpg Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0a96c591-3d1f-484d-b471-deb476859da9/Compatable+Technologies.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9e64027a-37b7-4a4d-949d-a2ca5205f88e/Habitat+Interior_Watercolor+Strokes.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/8b0ffce6-c1cc-4e08-999e-e17a7a679ac3/Habitat+Form_1.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/7acfbbf3-34de-4d84-92ae-2554d0e9f16d/Sections_for+booklet_reduced.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/367b7bf6-f2f6-4cc8-a5e9-a65fd16892a9/Social+Considerations.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/e397fe54-2943-4cf1-b06d-40cb561dfdf6/Subject+Connections.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/657af3c2-8f82-439c-9721-ba9bb1157317/Habitat+Form.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/7c800779-34d8-4826-9b38-b59ba0127898/Population+Simulation+Analysis.gif Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/bcb491f5-eec0-4d66-9dc6-f1190e49e5d1/Centripetal+Acceleration.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9fb754b7-7804-4b63-9a3b-2066230765aa/Rotating+Cylinder+Simulator.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/fb9a1a01-8a3c-443e-a96e-0ca581745023/Overall+Diagrams.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/f6ac3196-15d5-4423-a9ea-e95ab1a58a8c/Sunbeam.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/010b5376-b751-4bbb-8e61-864bc64464f6/Wind+Regeneration.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/d329fc69-3e87-488d-a2e1-31cb01d92e4b/Heat+Rejection.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/e851219d-bb28-488c-a64b-e7bc47c1bc00/Radiator+Fins.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/5b1eba7a-7d72-4b8b-ba7a-948738238d04/Water+Pumping.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6e6a70a1-f1a0-4800-845e-8831b0bfcd91/2025-06-15+11.21.50.jpg Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/118f06b5-cac0-4c54-bf88-89299e6b0da7/2025-06-15+11.23.35.jpg Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/be9a4ebd-01bb-4b4b-8504-59d0f39b4829/2025-06-15+11.22.54.jpg Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/c2a55c3b-b155-46ab-a05f-28274a5ebb70/Poster+Sketch.png Projects - Hyperion https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/419d5d43-e323-416c-b1af-e72a653f109b/Neo-Genesis+Seed_Poster_Identified.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9cbed3f4-67fb-4516-a895-ecd58557d9b3/Governance_Reduced.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/d773484e-43b0-4093-9d92-ca93943ffb2f/Sections_for+booklet_1.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/76f24145-5fc6-46dd-add3-a75a7832c61a/Sections_for+booklet_2.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/5f5d815f-18a8-4448-9cb6-d5fe951fc209/Occupations_blank.png https://www.orbital.design/projects/orbital monthly 0.5 2024-10-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/93f8b24d-72b1-4b6a-8de5-95d4e6e6bc31/Normal_Small_BG.gif Projects - Orbital https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4de08227-d733-41d1-8aed-b5ab43600399/Orbital_Validation_Model_Exploded+View_Invert.png Projects - Orbital https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/aed02376-684d-43cb-9ddd-81e6d446d7f5/Orbital_Validation_Model_Photo.png Projects - Orbital https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/c6b91162-f0c6-4696-af0c-ae90aedf2845/Orbital+Icon.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/adc472ad-763c-470a-8687-8c9a4d854d75/IAC-24.D4.IPB.17.x86336_Multi-Fan.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1716784155133-7IGYXKBMFMMKPQPOIWN8/Decoupled+Orbital_T.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/7ce6eaa9-f04d-4074-a8d4-abc1f362afa0/Conventional+vs+Decoupled.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/173974c8-f312-4c83-821d-0f327bd71aa2/Thrust+Compensation.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/b6cc17dd-3a8b-4baf-858e-39929f6b557c/Tethered+Mass.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/cd1824e2-3004-40c8-b319-041e98302634/Twinned+Habitats.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/2d2edd98-a86c-480e-9197-e75ec9831729/Schematic-of-an-SCM-pod-moving-on-a-null-flux-EDS-track-and-configuration-of-a-null-flux.png https://www.orbital.design/projects/helix monthly 0.5 2021-07-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1b4763df-a173-446f-b5f3-f0ae3a37c0f1/Helix_001.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/80035a03-5f2c-4b11-be6f-25953354dc97/Helix_002.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/185287e1-970f-4cba-9177-c4c8c985ab40/Radiation+Attenuation.gif Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/c97a345f-84a2-4db2-9832-2dd889c7f89d/High+G.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/2e2d20ac-33e0-4049-bdd5-b1f4dadb28e7/Helix_003.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/16889102-cea7-4ea7-85b4-bd88f7119b61/Structural+Grids.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4d72d14a-319f-442d-97a5-70643ea09746/Helix_004.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0d51a4a8-8dd2-4e35-a157-e59dcaa75f28/Green+Corridors.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1616305151333-2W97CLW7X5IFP2K21I5L/Symbol.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1626835063804-U6JR42SS7TQTEXE0MZ2N/V2+Rendering.png Projects - Helix - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1626823555394-Q1F1U29W47XIF77QF5Z1/V2+Rendering_Final_Square.png Projects - Helix - Project Helix - v.2 Update 2021.07.21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1626893581895-VCHWCBH47K7M80GN56Y3/Project+Helix_Square.png Projects - Helix - Project Helix 2021.03.22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1626849506896-VTCQ5HXRN135TK5ZMIOY/Plans+And+Sections+V2.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1616479590540-GF2PC9418A2A71T5DGN8/Diversity.png Projects - Helix https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1616471549530-YJJUGMW0K0PFKBC5NWF0/Helix+Explanitory+Animation.gif Projects - Helix Diagrammatic concept for multiple corridors. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1616391652649-OE6AWNP4LVOH0B7I4754/Structural+Grids.png Projects - Helix https://www.orbital.design/projects/f12 monthly 0.5 2026-02-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599456659086-XFIE27M3AE92RWFLNSQ5/F12_001.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1770779678087-M6882WKS50O6I4CF3ADD/1_Hero+Image_v2.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599456782434-PEIVWF86476HORMT26PQ/F12_002.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1770779676589-FGVZ6W28BO0O9GX69I0T/2_Timeline.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599456797835-B08E4BWMXRCF6YQ6AR9A/F12_003.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1770779678401-Q7BUANKF6G68B9P468O0/3_Sectional+Ortho.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599456655869-NUJ5DMJKKGV7E28IDB2K/F12_004.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1770779681161-NWM9LME4BR0WF2QQQ0D0/5_Details.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1596421479174-ZQS37J74RQD5V6Z1WKEO/F12_Space_Flare.png Projects - F12 Rendering of a linear oriented configuration of F12 modules. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973331238-9JRFA249A6L1CC3LGND6/F12_005.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973335239-X58RSIKMR16IRBUG2XDW/F12_006.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599969727383-SVSESB2ZU18HTTZQY162/F12_Spherical_1.jpg Projects - F12 Hollow, spherical configuration of F12 modules showing maintenance/construction in a work bay. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599969731762-F0LP16LII6UKP07NA4SB/F12_Spherical_2.jpg Projects - F12 Hollow, spherical configuration of F12 modules showing recreation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973340124-QN69K0VK8XHB05IPIH7E/F12_007.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973343894-C7CAM5XUZK2N1YMBAD7G/F12_008.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1596421502709-UZDEFIP1S2VKS6JV42C1/Modular+Panel+Inserts.png Projects - F12 Potential types of panel insert modules. Installation and replacement of the inserts occurs on the inside face. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973349385-LNVKUJQXHPAR3E56ZI57/F12_009.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973350932-DFMU0FJ7SQX5YPLVKBP4/F12_010.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973353790-MCW9L6EKA6HFBXYGKTT8/F12_011.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1600323575482-IOPEQY9VOYIO3D7LSRZ6/Radiation.png Projects - F12 A cross-section of the same rhombic dodecahedron configuration for each of GCR and SPE. The small numbers indicate the effective number of shields against the radiation, while the large numbers indicate the aggregate protection for each module as the sum of its barriers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1596421517973-VMWICNNELWO9U422I8RO/Hollow+Section.png Projects - F12 Hollow, spherical configurations of F12 modules with open interior volumes. Cross section through module shown in blue. Open interior volume shown in red. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599970402682-W7405CB6457QV1Z37VCO/Angle+Comparisons.png Projects - F12 Comparative dihedral angles, face tensions, and joint forces (red) for various polyhedral figures under internal pressure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973358075-OX5EZKI5K56Q3D3IJU3P/F12_012.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9a125c95-8ab2-45de-b041-5dae39c602ed/Deployment+Frames.png Projects - F12 The four deployment profiles: simultaneous, individual, staged, and progressive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973362743-OR8C245A1VTOUB7OIW4K/F12_014.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/5e6620de-4362-4b9e-9051-3a7f640349fb/Path+Through+Net.png Projects - F12 An example of a linear path through a face graph of a rhombic dodecahedron. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1599973468294-JU5VDF7X6AN4O1DZLX3R/F12_015.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/36277240-c937-45a9-9191-7e2b8f4ee2ec/Panel+Deployment.png Projects - F12 Illustration of the convex and reflex angle panel rotation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/3976c416-41eb-463e-b907-1399e6a8aa5f/NiTi+Spring_Parallel.png Projects - F12 Illustration of a dual torsion spring for a NiTi actuator. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/babd016b-a4f5-4dd9-81de-6d2c5207a5e9/NiTi+Spring_Series.png Projects - F12 Illustration of a single torsion spring for a NiTi actuator. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1616046839080-DEBUQBDS81C885PP5KRA/F12_Symbol.png Projects - F12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/c0151fda-da6f-40ee-9e39-c21f83a62d2d/IAC-24.C2.IP.36.x88537_Multi-Fan.png Projects - F12 - The Future Unfolds - Simplifying Polyhedral Space Habitat Module Deployment Using a Contiguous Unfolding Method IAC 2024 - Milan, Italy Abstract: The concept of polyhedral space habitat modules has been proposed as an improvement over cylindrical modules for decades and has increased in popularity in recent years. Polyhedral modules have the potential to enable the construction of large-scale habitat construction. However, the efficient deployment of polyhedral space habitat modules presents significant challenges. There are two established methods for the deployment of polyhedral habitats: quasi-stochastic assembly and origami-like deployment. Each of these methods have unique drawbacks including risk of loss, complex control mechanisms, excessive deployment hardware, panel thickness limitations, deployment ratio limitations, shape limitations. While overcoming these challenges is critical in ensuring the practicality of polyhedral module deployment, the specific method used to solve these challenges will have a significant impact on the cost and feasibility of the entire system. The ideal method for polyhedral habitat deployment should be simple, inexpensive, and reliable. This paper proposes a straightforward method for the deployment of polyhedral space habitat modules, utilizing a contiguous unfolding technique for flat-packed panels. Diverging from established methods, this method employs a linear process wherein flat-packed panels are rotated about their edges through mechanical means to form their final three-dimensional shape. The goal of this research was to verify the feasibility of this contiguous unfolding technique using digital simulations. A principal finding of this research is the successful, collision-free demonstration of the unfolding process for panels with non-trivial thickness. This verification promises a simple, inexpensive, and reliable deployment method which overcomes the limitations inherent in the established methods. Future research should focus on increasing the technology readiness level of this deployment method through either parabolic flight or on-orbit experimentation. This contiguous unfolding deployment method represents a fresh perspective in the growing field of polyhedral space habitat module construction and contributes to more efficient and feasible solutions for large-scale habitat construction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/bb1e999c-e272-47a2-b4db-43f8f2ddbadd/IAC-23-C2.1.3_Multi-Fan.png Projects - F12 - Morphology of Polyhedral Space Habitat Modules - Identifying the Ideal Form Using Multi-Criteria Analysis IAC 2023 — Baku, Azerbaijan Acta Astronautica Abstract: Over the past fifty years, the form and function of space habitat modules have remained largely unchanged. While cylindrical modules are relatively simple to transport and deploy, their limited size poses a challenge to their efficiency and usability. In contrast, large space habitat construction projects are costly and present logistical difficulties. The development of polyhedral modules could bridge the gap between these two approaches, allowing for modular, polyhedral units to be assembled and linked together to create larger habitats more efficiently and with less risk. However, identifying the most suitable polyhedron for use in space remains a critical question. Previous research has explored the construction of polyhedral modules, but little rigor has been applied to identifying the most optimal form. This is a crucial issue because the fi­rst module to be used will likely set the standard for subsequent modules and any disadvantages present at that time will be perpetuated. Therefore, it is essential to identify the optimal form prior to constructing prototypes. This research paper employs multi-criteria decision analysis and sensitivity analysis to compare various candidate polyhedra across several evaluation metrics, including number of faces, volume to surface area ratio, and joint stress, among several other quantitative and qualitative metrics. The results demonstrate that the Rhombic Dodecahedron is a particularly suitable candidate compared to other forms analyzed. Thus, the Rhombic Dodecahedron should be considered the standard polyhedral form for future research involving the development of polyhedral modules. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/653fd43c-273a-4fea-8a27-c178740376af/Progressive_BG.gif Projects - F12 - Deployment of a Module The panels are stacked, alternating inside face to inside face, outside face to outside face, etc. When in position, the faces unfold in a manner where they will not collide with one another. There are four identified deployment profiles: individual, staged, progressive, and simultaneous (the progressive profile is displayed in the nearby animation. Once the panels have achieved the shape of a rhombic dodecahedron they will cease rotating; they will not instigate a roll due to the conservation of angular momentum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/ac6f3d6a-9bac-4571-b535-ec75d585978d/Garnet+Station+Builder.png Projects - F12 - SpaceCalcs.com by James Boullion Build modular space stations by attaching rhombic dodecahedron modules. https://www.orbital.design/projects/amoeba monthly 0.5 2021-10-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/f540ed31-7e7c-4bed-8f5e-026c630b5e2d/Layout+Diagram_Top.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/19e38c6d-d20b-4e2a-94fe-fbb5872e1351/Hangar.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/6ea4e38f-51ce-484a-bc41-808ab996b351/Layout+Ideas+2.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4f5c5eb6-11ca-41d0-8e1d-d5466c130df3/Airlock.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9d676448-fccc-4f26-94dc-df75ec0553bd/Layout+Diagram_Rear.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/7277e191-f8e4-4825-a40f-4b3b9396a771/Workroom.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/2a3e99b5-0262-45dc-ae0e-52258622fd70/Special+Ops.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/8f4cdca9-f27e-4354-a759-0290aa342c64/Amoeba_002.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/d195ed73-0bd3-46e3-8aa2-d6e2a671ae03/Forge.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/337272b2-8023-417a-af20-0860b54baca5/Amoeba_003.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1729de74-106e-479a-8c73-161f2942db55/Cargo+Ship.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/02fc6251-b670-46ea-95de-13264dd1a25e/Amoeba_004.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/f9d7e17a-14c1-498e-94d4-7f7610f69dc2/Operations.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/3dcb7ccd-bf1b-45b7-83b7-13fb70f1a0c3/Amoeba_005.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/9c760945-158d-4350-b727-28b300ae7405/Truss.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/5e5bf851-35c9-44f1-b936-f7aa2965601e/Amoeba_006.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0cab27cf-0b69-4015-a7d7-fc7776729e28/Wardroom.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/0c93a34b-91b3-46e6-aa6a-9c216be8e8d5/Amoeba_007.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/4dee1ff8-ca28-4777-9603-5bf2d08bef15/Crew+Quarters.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/25e4fcbe-eafb-49f9-9356-ef2ab7003913/Amoeba_008.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/df0c4555-0e03-44f6-93f9-262210b2ad4e/Hygiene-Life+Support.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/457b7498-d1bf-42c7-839c-c5d49125bda5/Amoeba_009.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/e1c6f307-d63c-4379-a834-30b61806dfea/Crew+Ship.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/e78255e9-1d53-43ae-935c-7075407be493/Amoeba_010.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/a972e7c8-ffbb-431d-8f97-5d499da95c5a/Mechanical.png Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/eaf80f40-a55b-43c5-a96b-f5115221d34b/Amoeba_011.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/46eb52d0-1239-4d9b-b4e9-1576dee12c5e/Amoeba_012.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/e9c1b141-3e76-40c8-af88-27399ceb12fa/Amoeba_013.jpg Projects - Amoeba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1632624403795-URS5BLLDAKDQXNA7J7NN/Symbol.png Projects - Amoeba - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1633380693738-FR89VNZQQ9D41JEOWV0E/Program+Callouts.png Projects - Amoeba - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1633151797347-3DWSRM76OJD742W7P4BL/Hangar6.png Projects - Amoeba - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1633151867497-WBAEAAWF7F3B29GYWYCS/Hangar.gif Projects - Amoeba - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f234b9bccff5b4656f410aa/1633151999695-FEFA5YCVXS2T8D9VISFT/Hexagonal+Prism+Volume+Formula.png Projects - Amoeba - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.